آنزيم هاي  اصلي شيرعبارتنداز :

1-  هيدرو لازها  شامل   پروتئازها ، ليپازليپوپروتئين ، فسفاتازقليايي، پلاسمين

2- اکسيدو ردوکتازها  شامل : پراکسيدازها ، کاتالازها ،گزانتين اکسيداز، سولفيدريل اکسيداز

پروتئازها:      اين آنزيم ، باعث هيدروليز پروتئينها به پروتئوز پپتون و گاما كازئين مي گردد.

ليپاز : اين آنزيم چربي ها  را به اسيد چرب  آزاد و گليسيرول تبديل مي كند .اساسا  اين آنزيم  درپلاسما  با ميسلهاي كازئين  است. مقدار ليپاز شير با نزديکي به پايان دوره شير دهي افزايش مي يابد . براي غير فعال كردن آن به حرارتي بيشتر از حرارت پاستوريزاسيون به روش سريع نياز است .

پلاسمين:

يك آنزيم پروتئوليتيكي است . پلاسمين به بتا كازئين و آلفا كازئين  حمله مي كند.  بسياز مقاوم به حرارت است و مسئول طعم تلخ در شير پاستوريزه  وشير UHTاست.همچنين نقش مهمي را در  رسيدگي و گسترش طعم برخي پنيرها مانند پنيرسوئيسي دارد

فسفاتاز قليايي :  اين آنزيم استر اسيد فسفريك را به اسيد فسفريك و الكل تبديل مي كند در دماي پاستوريزه از بين مي رود که براي کفايت پاستوريزاسيون اندازه گيري مي شود که بايد ترجيحاً بلافاصله پس از پاستوريزاسيون انجام مي شود زيرا آنزيم مجدداً فعال مي شود.

پراکسيداز :   عمل انتقال اکسيژن از آب اکسيژنه به مواد اکسيد شونده را به عهده دارد . اين آنزيم در اثر حرارت دادن شير در دماي c° 80 و به مدت چند ثانيه غير فعال مي شود . حضور يا عدم حضور پراکسيداز در شير اين مفهوم را مي رساند که آيا شير در فرآيند پاستوريزاسيون به دماي بالاتر از c° 80 رسيده است يا خير ، كه از طريق تست استورچ(Storch) كنترل مي شود .  

امیدوارم که دانلود کنید و ازش به بهترین نحو استفاده کنید.  

یه فایل پاور پوینته. راحت هم دانلود میشه...

 تکنولوژی مواد خوراکی.ppt

افزایش تنفس و افزایش میزان فعالیت ، از دست دادن درخشش پرها  ، متسع شدن شکم به دلیل تجمع مایع  ، کوچک بودن نسبت به جوجه های دیگر ، له له زدن همراه با صدایی مثل غرغره کردن ، جوجه های مبتلا اغلب به روی پشت می میرند ، قرمز شدن پوست شکم و پر خون شدن عروق محیطی و در پرندگان مسن تر اغلب سیانوز در اطراف تاج و ریش دیده می شود .

پرخونی عضلات، اتساع ناحیه شکم وتجمع مایع در داخل محوطه بطنی

1- تعريف شير چيست ؟

  شير مطابق استاندارد شماره 1756:

منحصراً به ترشح معمولي و طبيعي پستان اطلاق مي شود كه از يك يا چند دوشش بدست آمده و به آن چيزي اضافه يا از آن چيزي كم نشده است . 

  مطابق تعريف كدكس :

 شير محصولي است كه از غده پستاني گاو ماده شير ده، چند روز بعد از زايش خارج مي شود مشروط بر اينكه آن گاو سالم باشد ، تغذيه آن مناسب باشد ، چيزي به شير اضافه يا كم نشده باشد و حاوي آغوز يا كلستروم نباشد.

2- علت سفيدي و ديگررنگهاي شيرچيست؟ 

سفيدي شيربعلت پراکندگي نور منعکس شده توسط ذرات کازيين ، ملکول هاي چربي ، فسفات و کلسيم است .

وجود کاروتن محلول در چربي ،  ظاهر زرد رنگ به شيرمي دهد.

شيري که چربي آن گرفته شده باشد ،  رنگ سفيدتري دارد .

شيري كه به آن آب اضافه شده باشدمتمايل به رنگ آبي است .

3- نقطه انجماد و جوش شير چقدر مي باشد ؟

 با توجه به املاح و لاکتوز موجود در شير نقطه انجماد (c°525/0- تاc°545/0-)و نقطه جوش c°2/100 مي باشد .

 4- قند اختصاصي شير چيست ؟

 قند اختصاصي شيرلاکتوزاست كه باعث ثبات فشار اسمزي بين خون و شير مي شود .

5- شيريني لاکتوز چه ميزان است ؟

 لاکتوز 30 مرتبه نسبت به ساکاروز کمتر شيرين است

6- لاکتوز در کجا و چگونه ساخته مي شود ؟

 لاکتوز در غدد پستاني و توسط پروتيين α  لاکتالبومين ساخته مي شود

7- انواع چربي موجود در شير چيست ؟

 چربي شير به دو گروه عمده تري گليسيريد و فسفو ليپيد تقسيم مي شودو 90% کل آن اسيد چرب است .

8- انواع اسيد چرب موجود در شير چيست ؟

  از مشخصه اسيد چرب شير وجود ميزان زياد اسيد چرب کوتاه زنجيره اشباع ( بوتيريک و کاپرونيک ) است . 65-60 % از اسيد چرب شير از نوع اشباع است اسيد چرب غير اشباع آن به طور عمده به صورت ايزومر سيس و غير کونژوکه است .  

9-چرا چربي شير تمايل به رويه بستن دارد ؟

به علت وزن مخصوص كمتر چربي نسبت به آب، چربي تمايل به رويه بستن داشته كه اين تمايل به واسطه پروتيين آگلوتنين تسريع مي شود ، اين پروتيين در دماي c°75-ً 2 يا c° 65 - ´10دناتوره مي شود .

10- انواع پروتيين موجود در شير ؟

  پروتيين هاي شير به سه گروه عمده : کازييني ، آلبوميني و غشايي تقسيم مي شود .

11- انواع اسيد آمينه موجود در شير چيست ؟

  ساختمان پروتيين از 20 نوع اسيد آمينه تشکيل شده که 18 نوع آن در شير وجود دارد دو اسيدآمينه آسپارژين و گلوتامين در شير وجود دارد .

 12- ساختمان شيميايي کازيين چيست ؟

ادامه مطلب............................................................

1. Breeding of Estonian Holstein cattle
2. Breeding of Estonian Red cattle
3. Breeding of Estonian Native cows
4. Estonian Beef cattle association and its history 
   

				breeds
		breeders			contact us
	nzsba forms						about us
		performance recording service
				buy & sell

DEVELOPMENT OF ESTONIAN BREEDS OF SHEEP AND GOATS

PhD Peep Piirsalu¹, Hillar Kalda^2
1 Institute of Animal Science, Estonian Agricultural University
² Estonian Sheep Breeders’ Association

Estonian Sheep Breeders’ Association (ESBA) was founded on 29 November 1928 in Tallinn. The founders were Georg Ottas from Vana Kuuste, Hans Hiiob from Tallinn and Hans Virkus from Purila manor in Juuru parish. After a 62-year break, Enhard Musto, the director of the State Breeding Cen­tre for Estonian meat and wool sheep, started actively to re­establish the society. ESBA was re-established at the gen­eral meeting on 25 May 1990. Enhard Musto was elected managing chairman and Peep Piirsalu was elected secre­tary. Other founders were Margit Lõokene, Heldor Klaar, Erik Müts, Bruno Möllits, R. Peil, V. Soo and Eduard Viipsi.

On 12 April 1991, a joint general meeting of ESBA and the Breeding Council for Estonian meat and wool sheep was convened, which decided to terminate the activity of the Breeding Council. Its legal members joined ESBA. Kalju Hallik was elected president of ESBA and he started the actual work of the society. Breeding Centre was liquidated on 31 December 1991.

1993 was an unsuccessful year in sheep rearing due to low sheep producer prices, the number of sheep decreased dras­tically. However, in the same year K. Hallik managed to or­ganize the export of live sheep to Syria and Hungary. Sheep breeders got 2-5 times higher price for the exported sheep. Thanks to successful export arrangement, ESBA member­ship increased to 402 and lamb prices on domestic market rose by 10-20%. E. Musto became the editor of the new journal “Sheep and Goat” that has published 10 issues so far.

Taivo Hirsnik was the managing director of ESBA from 1995 to 1997. In 1997 the post of managing director was liqui­dated and Hillar Kalda became a chief specialist and Kaie Zarenz became a consultant. PhD Peep Piirsalu worked as the president of the society since 1995 and later (1997-2003) as the chairman of the board. Taimi Logina, Elga Kask, Ülle Pus etc. have worked for the society for a long time.

Since 2004, Ell Sellis has been the chairman of the board of ESBA, whereas a chief specialist is elected in a competition.

On the initiative of ESBA 122 pedigree sheep of 4 different breeds of sheep have been imported from Denmark in 2002, including 45 Suffolk sheep (5 rams, 40 ewes), 51 Texel sheep (4 rams, 47 ewes), 23 Dorset sheep (4 rams, 19 ewes) and 3 Oxford Down rams.

Estonian Blackhead breed

Purposeful breeding of Estonian Blackhead sheep breed began in 1926 when Oxford Down and Shropshire rams and ewes were imported from Sweden.

Sheep and Goat Production

Sheep and goats are important sources of milk, meat, and fiber for people all over the world. The flocks also improve pasture and remove unwanted vegetation. In years of drought and wildfires, the animals’ ability to mow down flammable undergrowth can be crucial. This issue of ATTRAnews highlights some of the ways farmers and ranchers use these productive animals.

In this issue:

• Free Webinar: Sheep and Goats: What They Can Do for You
• Little Sheep Make Big Changes in Orchards and Vineyards
• Benefits of Grazing Miniature Sheep in Orchards and Vineyards
• Where to Learn More about Sheep and Goat Production
• Protecting Sheep and Goats from Internal Parasites
• Surveying the Market for Goat Meat
• New Information on Sheep and Goats
• New and Updated Publications from ATTRA

Where to Learn More about Sheep and Goat Production

Sheep and goats have many uses in today’s farms, ranches, and communities. See the resources below and ATTRA’s Small Ruminant Resources List to learn more.

General Information on Sheep and Goats

From ATTRA

• Small Ruminant Resources List
• Goats: Sustainable Production Overview
• An Illustrated Guide to Sheep and Goat Production— in English, Spanish or Hmong
• Predator Control for Sustainable and Organic Livestock Production
• Small Ruminant Sustainability Checksheet
• Sustainable Sheep Production (new version coming soon)

From other sources

• American Sheep Industry
• Langston University Goat Research
• Maryland Small Ruminant Page

Meat

From ATTRA

• Meat Goats: Sustainable Production
• Sustainable Sheep Production

From other sources

• National online resource for sheep and goat marketing
• Meat Goat Selection, Carcass Evaluation and Fabrication Guide

Milk

From ATTRA

• Dairy Goats: Sustainable Production
• Dairy Sheep
• Value-added Dairy Options

From other sources

• Online library about commercial goat dairies
• Dairy Sheep Proceedings and Resources

Fiber

• Handling and Marketing Wool
• Ron’s Fiber Home
• Turning Wool into a Cottage Industry by Paula Simmons, 1991.
  Storey Books, Pownal, VT.

Pasture Improvement and Vegetation Management

From ATTRA

• Multispecies Grazing
• Pasture, Rangeland, and Grazing Management
• Pastures: Sustainable Management
• Ruminant Nutrition for Graziers—in English or Spanish

From other sources

• Targeted Grazing: A Natural Approach to Vegetation Management and Landscape Enhancement
• Livestock for Landscapes
• Goats in the Woods is a Cornell University-based project for vegetation management in the Northeast
• BEHAVE uses animal behavioral principles to manage ecosystems

In addition to the publications listed here, ATTRA offers hundreds more that provide general information and specific details about all aspects of sustainable and organic agriculture. The publications are available to download for free from ATTRA’s Web site, www.attra.ncat.org. Or call 1-800-346-9140 to order a free paper copy.

* All sheep and goat production illustrations in this issue of the ATTRAnews are by Robert Armstrong.

Back to top

Protecting Sheep and Goats from Internal Parasites

Control of internal parasites, especially of Haemonchus contortus (barber pole worm, stomach worm), is a primary concern for the majority of sheep and goat producers. The parasites have become more difficult to manage because they are becoming resistant to deworming medications. A severe infection of barber pole worm causes anemia, bottle jaw, and, if not treated, death of infected sheep and goats.

Mature parasites breed inside the host and lay eggs that are shed in the feces. Warm, humid conditions encourage the eggs to hatch. The infective larvae migrate 1 to 3 inches up blades of grass.

When a sheep or goat grazes, it may take in parasite larvae along with the pasture grass. Parasite numbers increase over time in warm, wet conditions. Because internal parasites are developing resistance to deworming drugs, it is important to use multiple management practices for control.

Manage Pasture Carefully

• Keep forage height greater than 3 inches.
• Provide areas of browse: brush, shrubs, small trees.
• Maintain low stocking rate.
• Graze sheep and goats with cattle, or in rotation with cattle or horses.
• Provide tannin-rich forages, such as Sericea lespedeza.
• Harvest hay from pastures.
• Avoid wet patches in pasture, such as from a leaky water trough.

Reduce Deworming

• Decrease the use of dewormers. This will slow drug resistance and save money.
• Treat only animals that are anemic, which is a sign of parasitism.
• FAMACHA© charts for classifying animals based on levels of anemia.
• FAMACHA© is only effective for diagnosing infection by Haemonchus contortus.

Select Resistant Animals

• Several breeds show resistance to internal parasites. Select a resistant breed if it fits your system.
• Select individual animals that demonstrate resistance to parasites.
• Resilient animals can host a parasite burden without negative effects. However, they may be shedding high numbers of parasite eggs and spreading illness.
• Cull animals that are most susceptible to parasites and those that contribute most to pasture contamination.

Download June 2009 Newlsletter

A joint SABRE and EADGENE working group was established to evaluate existing methods and software, and propose new methods to deal with the annotation and post-analyses of microarray data.

http://gkambiz.persiangig.ir/document/11slide.swf

http://gkambiz.persiangig.ir/document/slide.swf

animals LINKS AND VIDEOS