1- تعريف شير چيست ؟

  شير مطابق استاندارد شماره 1756:

منحصراً به ترشح معمولي و طبيعي پستان اطلاق مي شود كه از يك يا چند دوشش بدست آمده و به آن چيزي اضافه يا از آن چيزي كم نشده است . 

  مطابق تعريف كدكس :

 شير محصولي است كه از غده پستاني گاو ماده شير ده، چند روز بعد از زايش خارج مي شود مشروط بر اينكه آن گاو سالم باشد ، تغذيه آن مناسب باشد ، چيزي به شير اضافه يا كم نشده باشد و حاوي آغوز يا كلستروم نباشد.

2- علت سفيدي و ديگررنگهاي شيرچيست؟ 

سفيدي شيربعلت پراکندگي نور منعکس شده توسط ذرات کازيين ، ملکول هاي چربي ، فسفات و کلسيم است .

وجود کاروتن محلول در چربي ،  ظاهر زرد رنگ به شيرمي دهد.

شيري که چربي آن گرفته شده باشد ،  رنگ سفيدتري دارد .

شيري كه به آن آب اضافه شده باشدمتمايل به رنگ آبي است .

3- نقطه انجماد و جوش شير چقدر مي باشد ؟

 با توجه به املاح و لاکتوز موجود در شير نقطه انجماد (c°525/0- تاc°545/0-)و نقطه جوش c°2/100 مي باشد .

 4- قند اختصاصي شير چيست ؟

 قند اختصاصي شيرلاکتوزاست كه باعث ثبات فشار اسمزي بين خون و شير مي شود .

5- شيريني لاکتوز چه ميزان است ؟

 لاکتوز 30 مرتبه نسبت به ساکاروز کمتر شيرين است

6- لاکتوز در کجا و چگونه ساخته مي شود ؟

 لاکتوز در غدد پستاني و توسط پروتيين α  لاکتالبومين ساخته مي شود

7- انواع چربي موجود در شير چيست ؟

 چربي شير به دو گروه عمده تري گليسيريد و فسفو ليپيد تقسيم مي شودو 90% کل آن اسيد چرب است .

8- انواع اسيد چرب موجود در شير چيست ؟

  از مشخصه اسيد چرب شير وجود ميزان زياد اسيد چرب کوتاه زنجيره اشباع ( بوتيريک و کاپرونيک ) است . 65-60 % از اسيد چرب شير از نوع اشباع است اسيد چرب غير اشباع آن به طور عمده به صورت ايزومر سيس و غير کونژوکه است .  

9-چرا چربي شير تمايل به رويه بستن دارد ؟

به علت وزن مخصوص كمتر چربي نسبت به آب، چربي تمايل به رويه بستن داشته كه اين تمايل به واسطه پروتيين آگلوتنين تسريع مي شود ، اين پروتيين در دماي c°75-ً 2 يا c° 65 - ´10دناتوره مي شود .

10- انواع پروتيين موجود در شير ؟

  پروتيين هاي شير به سه گروه عمده : کازييني ، آلبوميني و غشايي تقسيم مي شود .

11- انواع اسيد آمينه موجود در شير چيست ؟

  ساختمان پروتيين از 20 نوع اسيد آمينه تشکيل شده که 18 نوع آن در شير وجود دارد دو اسيدآمينه آسپارژين و گلوتامين در شير وجود دارد .

 12- ساختمان شيميايي کازيين چيست ؟

ادامه مطلب............................................................

1. Breeding of Estonian Holstein cattle
2. Breeding of Estonian Red cattle
3. Breeding of Estonian Native cows
4. Estonian Beef cattle association and its history 
   

				breeds
		breeders			contact us
	nzsba forms						about us
		performance recording service
				buy & sell

DEVELOPMENT OF ESTONIAN BREEDS OF SHEEP AND GOATS

PhD Peep Piirsalu¹, Hillar Kalda^2
1 Institute of Animal Science, Estonian Agricultural University
² Estonian Sheep Breeders’ Association

Estonian Sheep Breeders’ Association (ESBA) was founded on 29 November 1928 in Tallinn. The founders were Georg Ottas from Vana Kuuste, Hans Hiiob from Tallinn and Hans Virkus from Purila manor in Juuru parish. After a 62-year break, Enhard Musto, the director of the State Breeding Cen­tre for Estonian meat and wool sheep, started actively to re­establish the society. ESBA was re-established at the gen­eral meeting on 25 May 1990. Enhard Musto was elected managing chairman and Peep Piirsalu was elected secre­tary. Other founders were Margit Lõokene, Heldor Klaar, Erik Müts, Bruno Möllits, R. Peil, V. Soo and Eduard Viipsi.

On 12 April 1991, a joint general meeting of ESBA and the Breeding Council for Estonian meat and wool sheep was convened, which decided to terminate the activity of the Breeding Council. Its legal members joined ESBA. Kalju Hallik was elected president of ESBA and he started the actual work of the society. Breeding Centre was liquidated on 31 December 1991.

1993 was an unsuccessful year in sheep rearing due to low sheep producer prices, the number of sheep decreased dras­tically. However, in the same year K. Hallik managed to or­ganize the export of live sheep to Syria and Hungary. Sheep breeders got 2-5 times higher price for the exported sheep. Thanks to successful export arrangement, ESBA member­ship increased to 402 and lamb prices on domestic market rose by 10-20%. E. Musto became the editor of the new journal “Sheep and Goat” that has published 10 issues so far.

Taivo Hirsnik was the managing director of ESBA from 1995 to 1997. In 1997 the post of managing director was liqui­dated and Hillar Kalda became a chief specialist and Kaie Zarenz became a consultant. PhD Peep Piirsalu worked as the president of the society since 1995 and later (1997-2003) as the chairman of the board. Taimi Logina, Elga Kask, Ülle Pus etc. have worked for the society for a long time.

Since 2004, Ell Sellis has been the chairman of the board of ESBA, whereas a chief specialist is elected in a competition.

On the initiative of ESBA 122 pedigree sheep of 4 different breeds of sheep have been imported from Denmark in 2002, including 45 Suffolk sheep (5 rams, 40 ewes), 51 Texel sheep (4 rams, 47 ewes), 23 Dorset sheep (4 rams, 19 ewes) and 3 Oxford Down rams.

Estonian Blackhead breed

Purposeful breeding of Estonian Blackhead sheep breed began in 1926 when Oxford Down and Shropshire rams and ewes were imported from Sweden.

Sheep and Goat Production

Sheep and goats are important sources of milk, meat, and fiber for people all over the world. The flocks also improve pasture and remove unwanted vegetation. In years of drought and wildfires, the animals’ ability to mow down flammable undergrowth can be crucial. This issue of ATTRAnews highlights some of the ways farmers and ranchers use these productive animals.

In this issue:

• Free Webinar: Sheep and Goats: What They Can Do for You
• Little Sheep Make Big Changes in Orchards and Vineyards
• Benefits of Grazing Miniature Sheep in Orchards and Vineyards
• Where to Learn More about Sheep and Goat Production
• Protecting Sheep and Goats from Internal Parasites
• Surveying the Market for Goat Meat
• New Information on Sheep and Goats
• New and Updated Publications from ATTRA

Where to Learn More about Sheep and Goat Production

Sheep and goats have many uses in today’s farms, ranches, and communities. See the resources below and ATTRA’s Small Ruminant Resources List to learn more.

General Information on Sheep and Goats

From ATTRA

• Small Ruminant Resources List
• Goats: Sustainable Production Overview
• An Illustrated Guide to Sheep and Goat Production— in English, Spanish or Hmong
• Predator Control for Sustainable and Organic Livestock Production
• Small Ruminant Sustainability Checksheet
• Sustainable Sheep Production (new version coming soon)

From other sources

• American Sheep Industry
• Langston University Goat Research
• Maryland Small Ruminant Page

Meat

From ATTRA

• Meat Goats: Sustainable Production
• Sustainable Sheep Production

From other sources

• National online resource for sheep and goat marketing
• Meat Goat Selection, Carcass Evaluation and Fabrication Guide

Milk

From ATTRA

• Dairy Goats: Sustainable Production
• Dairy Sheep
• Value-added Dairy Options

From other sources

• Online library about commercial goat dairies
• Dairy Sheep Proceedings and Resources

Fiber

• Handling and Marketing Wool
• Ron’s Fiber Home
• Turning Wool into a Cottage Industry by Paula Simmons, 1991.
  Storey Books, Pownal, VT.

Pasture Improvement and Vegetation Management

From ATTRA

• Multispecies Grazing
• Pasture, Rangeland, and Grazing Management
• Pastures: Sustainable Management
• Ruminant Nutrition for Graziers—in English or Spanish

From other sources

• Targeted Grazing: A Natural Approach to Vegetation Management and Landscape Enhancement
• Livestock for Landscapes
• Goats in the Woods is a Cornell University-based project for vegetation management in the Northeast
• BEHAVE uses animal behavioral principles to manage ecosystems

In addition to the publications listed here, ATTRA offers hundreds more that provide general information and specific details about all aspects of sustainable and organic agriculture. The publications are available to download for free from ATTRA’s Web site, www.attra.ncat.org. Or call 1-800-346-9140 to order a free paper copy.

* All sheep and goat production illustrations in this issue of the ATTRAnews are by Robert Armstrong.

Back to top

Protecting Sheep and Goats from Internal Parasites

Control of internal parasites, especially of Haemonchus contortus (barber pole worm, stomach worm), is a primary concern for the majority of sheep and goat producers. The parasites have become more difficult to manage because they are becoming resistant to deworming medications. A severe infection of barber pole worm causes anemia, bottle jaw, and, if not treated, death of infected sheep and goats.

Mature parasites breed inside the host and lay eggs that are shed in the feces. Warm, humid conditions encourage the eggs to hatch. The infective larvae migrate 1 to 3 inches up blades of grass.

When a sheep or goat grazes, it may take in parasite larvae along with the pasture grass. Parasite numbers increase over time in warm, wet conditions. Because internal parasites are developing resistance to deworming drugs, it is important to use multiple management practices for control.

Manage Pasture Carefully

• Keep forage height greater than 3 inches.
• Provide areas of browse: brush, shrubs, small trees.
• Maintain low stocking rate.
• Graze sheep and goats with cattle, or in rotation with cattle or horses.
• Provide tannin-rich forages, such as Sericea lespedeza.
• Harvest hay from pastures.
• Avoid wet patches in pasture, such as from a leaky water trough.

Reduce Deworming

• Decrease the use of dewormers. This will slow drug resistance and save money.
• Treat only animals that are anemic, which is a sign of parasitism.
• FAMACHA© charts for classifying animals based on levels of anemia.
• FAMACHA© is only effective for diagnosing infection by Haemonchus contortus.

Select Resistant Animals

• Several breeds show resistance to internal parasites. Select a resistant breed if it fits your system.
• Select individual animals that demonstrate resistance to parasites.
• Resilient animals can host a parasite burden without negative effects. However, they may be shedding high numbers of parasite eggs and spreading illness.
• Cull animals that are most susceptible to parasites and those that contribute most to pasture contamination.

Download June 2009 Newlsletter

A joint SABRE and EADGENE working group was established to evaluate existing methods and software, and propose new methods to deal with the annotation and post-analyses of microarray data.

http://gkambiz.persiangig.ir/document/11slide.swf

http://gkambiz.persiangig.ir/document/slide.swf

animals LINKS AND VIDEOS

خیلی از بچه ها در مورد گوسفند اطلاعات خواستند  

و گفتند که اطلاعاتشون تو این زمینه کمه . 

منم تصمیم گرفتم برای کمک به اونها این پست رو بزارم. 

دانلود کنید چون خیلی با ارزشه.  

ضوابط احداث جایگاه گوسفند و بز .PDF

طرح پرواربندی بره

دستورالعمل و ضوابط اجرایی قرنطینه در میادین دام و مجتمع های دام داری 

تعیین برنامه مناسب برای اصلاح نژاد گوسفند بلوچی

Feed Formulation اموزش جیره نویسی

تاثیر صدا بر تولید طیور

Nominate today for the Farm Biosecurity Award!
For further information visit the Awards Australia website. Nominations close 10 July 2009.

The 2007 equine influenza (horse flu) outbreak in Australia was a timely reminder of why biosecurity is both beneficial and necessary. Regardless of whether you own a large or small property, you are responsible for keeping your animals, plants and crops free from pests and disease. 

This page provides vital biosecurity information for small and large rural landholders, regardless of your farming interests. It provides a simple explanation of what biosecurity is and how to keep weeds, pests and disease off your property. There is also specific information available for where you live.

What is biosecurity?

‘Biosecurity’ is protecting the economy, environment and people’s health from pests and disease. It includes trying to prevent new pests and diseases from arriving, and helping to control outbreaks when they do occur. While robust response arrangements are in place to combat outbreaks, preventing pest and disease incursions in the first place, remains a national priority.

How can I protect my property from pests and disease?

Having good biosecurity measures in place is the key to avoiding pest and disease incursions on your property. Implementing biosecurity measures doesn't have to be difficult or expensive. Use the links below to access biosecurity information that is relevant to your farming interests.

Visitors and Travelling Farm Workers

On-farm service providers
Biosecurity and workers on your farm
Biosecurity for travelling farm workers (itinerant workers including fruit pickers, backpackers and grey nomads)

Outbreak

Report a new weed, plant pest or disease
Report an animal disease
Australia's pest and disease Outbreak website

Further information

Biosecurity in your state or territory
Links to animal and plant industry organisations
AusBIOSEC - Australia's biosecurity framework
www.farmbiosecurity.com.au 
Engaging in Biosecurity in Horticultural Regions project

Stay up-to-date on biosecurity

To receive free biosecurity news and updates tick the 'On-farm biosecurity' box on the DAFF free subscription page.

Research into peri-urban farming

Biosecurity and Small Rural Landholders in Peri-urban Australia
Bureau of Rural Sciences 2007

Biosecurity awareness and peri-urban landholders: a case study approach
Bureau of Rural Sciences 2005

Free biosecurity awareness materials

General

• Vital information for small rural landholders  PDF [504kb]
  (a summary of the information contained on these biosecurity pages)
• Small rural landholder postcards  PDF [556kb]

Livestock and Birds

• Don't put this farm at risk! biosecurity poster  PDF [204kb]
• Report animal pests and disease poster  PDF [205kb]
• Feed scoop for bird owners
• Fridge magnet for bird owners

Plants and Cropping

• Vital information for plant producers  PDF [276kb]
• Vital information for travelling farm workers  PDF [266kb]
• Don't put this farm at risk! biosecurity poster  PDF [191kb]
• Report plant pests and disease office poster  PDF [205kb]

These awareness materials can be mailed to you. Please send us an email with your name, postal address, and tell us what product you would like and quantities required.

نژادهای بز
سانن٬ توگن بورگ٬ نوبیان و آلپی از نژادمهای پر شیر بز در جهان هستند. این نژادها پستانهای بزرگ دارند و شیر فراوانی تولید می کنند . بز آنقره و بز کشمیر کم شیر هستند .

بز سانن

زیستگاه اصلی بز سانن درکوهستانهای سویس بوده است ٬ سپس این نژاد به سراسر جهان راه یافته است . موهای بز سانن کوتاه و معمولا" به رنگ سفید یکدست و گاهی خاکستری است . این بز شاخ ندارد و درشت اندام است . وزن آن ٥٠ تا ٨٠ کیلوگرم و بلندی قامت آن تا ٨٥ سانتیمتر است . دوره شیردهی آن ٢٥٠ تا ٣٠٥ روز است و در هر روز از ٢ تا ٥ لیتر شیر می دهد این نژاد را نیز به ایران آورده اند و از آن برای اصلاح نژاد بزهای ایرانی استفاده شده است .


توگن بورگ

.بز درشت اندامی است با شیر فراوان که منطقه اصلی زیست آن کوهستانهای سویس است . این بز در ٣٠٥ روز تا حدود ١٩٩٣ لیتر شیر تولید کرده است . ٥٠ تا ٨٠ کیلو گرم وزن دارند و بلندی قامت آن ٧٠ تا ٨٠ سانیمتر و رنگ آن قهوه ای روشن تا قهوه ای تیره با گوشها و دم سفید است


بز نوبیان

زیستگاه اصلی بز نوبیان در سودان بوده است ٬ سپس به نقاط مختلف جهان برده شده است . این بز اندامی درشت ٬ پاهایی بلند و گوشهایی بلند و آویخته دارد . رنگ آن خرمایی ٬ قهوه ای مایل به سفید ٬ زرد نخودی و یا سیاه مایل به خاکستری است و معممولا" برای تولید شیر و گوشت پرورش می یابد . بزهای نوبیان نسبت به نژادهای سویسی شیر کمتری دارند اما چربی شیرشان بیشتر از همه انواع بز است

بز الپی

زیستگاه اصلی نژاد آلپی یا نژاد آلپان فرانسوی منطقه های کوهستانی آلپ فرانسه است . این نژاد اندامی درشت دارد و به رنگهای سفید ٬ تیره و یا ابلق است . وزن آن به ٦٥ تا ٨٥ کیلوگرم می رسد و بلندی قامت آن نیز از ٧٢ تا ١٠٠ سانتیمتر است یک بز کوهی آلپی در ٣٠٥ روز در حدود ٢٠٨٤ لیتر شیر می دهد .

بز آنقره

زیستگاه اصلی بز نژاد آنقره شمال شرقی فلات ایران و آسیای صغیر است ٬ و موی معروف موهر از این نژاد بدست می آید . این نژاد جثه نسبتا" کوچکی دارد ٬ رنگ آن سفید و نر و ماده آن دارای شاخ هستند . از هر بز آنقره بطور متوسط ٥/١ تا ٢ کیلوگرم و از بزهای بالغ و درشت اندام حتی تا ٥/٥ کیلوگرم موهر در سال بدست می آید ٬ اما میزان شیردهی آن کم است . بز نژاد کشمیر متعلق به دره کشمیر است و در تبت و مغولستان تا کوههای اورال نیز وجود دارد ٬ و از این مناطق به سایر نقاط جهان برده شده است .


بز کشمیر

از آنقره بزرگتر است و بدنی کشیده دارد . بدن این نژاد از کرک بسیار نرم و ظریف به رنگهای سفید ٬ زرد ٬ قهوه ای تیره ٬ سیاه و قهوه ای روشن پوشیده شده است . کرک بز کشمیر بسیار لطیف و گرانبها است و از آن پارچه های بسیار لطیفی یافته می شود . بزهای این نژاد پر گوشت هستند ٬ اما شیر آنها مانند نژاد آنقره اندک است . کرک سفید رنگ بز کشمیر از رنگهای دیگر پر بهاتر است .

The 4 goats and 2 sheep who make up the Wozny Project consists of the following characters: Curley Joe (an Angora goat) is the leader of the band. Curley plays brass instruments and special effects. He's known as our “Weather Goat”. He tells us what the weather will be like on a daily basis. He’s never been wrong yet! (Something to do with the curled horns we guess).

Sammie is a Sanan goat, the only female in the group, and came to us with an atitude problem. But being the “Lead Guitar Mamma”, we let her “Be”.

Bandit is a Nubian goat (the ones with floppy ears) and is the main keyboard player and woodwinds too. He’s especially fond of the shakuhachi (flute) and the sax. (HE will only play a “safe sax”) Bandit is featured on CD# 3 as the “Storyteller”. He’s the goat you’ll see playing “Live”.

Jacob, (as you might have guessed), is a Jacob sheep. He’s the drummer, percussionist and does special effects. Jacob sheep can have 4 or even 6 horns. This makes him the horniest member of the band. Bhaaaad!

Scotty, (you guessed it) is a Scottish Blackface sheep and does mostly rhythm guitar, some 2 lead guitar work, and some vocals. (Not words!)

Toggan, (here we go again), is a Toggenberg goat (the kind you might usually see with the goat-tee and the bell around his neck). He plays mostly Bass but fills in on occasion with guitar and strings. Toggen is the youngest goat.

Situated in the Canadian Rockies, Wild Goat Recordings was established in 2003 as a home based digital recording studio.Working togther with the Wozny Project, the group has released 6 CD’s and are presently working on 6 new releases.
Dziki Koziol ( mountain goat in Polish) is not in the band but is the band’s Guru, Manager / Producer and is featured on the back of the CD jewel cases. The band uses every instrument to create every type of music. Each CD has a different flavour. Some of the music features Rod J. on vocal. Wild Goat Recording studio welcomes enquiries for any custom recoding productions including movie soundtracks, weddings, presentations, special effects etc.

در این مطلب در ابتدا سعی شد نژاد های کلی گوسفند در

جهان دسته بندی و بررسی شود و سپس به وجود این گونه ها

در کشور خودمان پرداخته شود.

به طور کلی نژاد های گوسفند در 6 دسته کلی طبقه بندی می شوند

1- نژادهایی با پشم خیلی ظریف

2-نژادهایی با پشم نسبتا ظریف

3- نژادهای پشم دراز

4 - نژادهای پشم تلاقی یافته

5 -نژادهای پشم قالی

6- نژاد پوستی

٧-نژادهایی با پشم خیلی ظریف

Horns of a dilemma: A feral goat

The animals' fate has outraged residents near Studland, Dorset, where the trust was running a trial to see if the goats could eat gorse encroaching on the heathland.

Their grazing successfully kept the plants down but the animals were able to jump over a 6ft electric fence put up to stop them roaming.

During their repeated escapes, they caused damage to nearby gardens and a golf course.

The trust said its decision to destroy the herd of British native feral goats was based on 'animal welfare grounds' as no other suitable home was available.

One local, who asked not to be named, said: "It is absolutely disgusting, the National Trust is supposed to be a conservation group.

"They brought those poor animals on to the land and, because they didn't build adequate fencing, they shot them. The only damage I believe the goats caused when they escaped was biting bark off a couple of apple trees in a lady's back garden.

'That is certainly not a reason to kill them. Everyone I have spoken to can't believe the National Trust could do a thing like this.

'They were lovely animals, every time I saw them they were happily grazing away in their fenced- off area.

"Then one day they were gone, I believe they were rounded up and put into a van before being taken to a barn to be shot.

"It is just outrageous, it wasn't their fault they could escape."

Anita Singh, for People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals, said the culling was 'stupid'.

"Animals are often killed for the most foolish reasons and the slaughter of these goats tops the list," she said.

"Humane long-term plans to manage feral goats such as investing in good fencing and providing a suitable habitat to attract them away from humans are needed, not bloodshed."

The herd was put on the site on the Isle of Purbeck last October. David Hodd, countryside manager for the trust, said: "Sadly, we have to accept this grazing experiment has not worked as they repeatedly escaped their fencing.

"They proved impossible to pen within safe grazing areas.

"We looked at various locations to re-home the goats but nothing was suitable.

"All were too close to roads which could be dangerous if they were to escape again.

"We also couldn't find an available grazing area that would provide enough feed for the goats. It would have been irresponsible to allow them to roam wildly so we made the best decision we could on animal welfare grounds."

The trust spent three weeks rounding up 15 of the goats before placing them on the grassy slopes surrounding the ruins of nearby Corfe Castle. But when they escaped again, their time was up.

The hunt is now on for the last three which will also be shot if no one offers them a home.